Raising Money For The Soup Kitchen

23 Kids Make $235 For Soup Kitchen

by Andrew and Kaydn

Mr. Ferguson’s Grade 5 class at Coronation Public School have a special way of learning. It is called SOLE (Self Organized Learning Environment).  In a SOLE we get to research topics of interest to us and discuss them with the class.

After a SOLE about Homelessness during our freezing winter, Mr. Ferguson’s Grade 5 class felt horrible about the poor and less fortunate. The students felt horrible about how many people needed support such as a shelter or a soup kitchen. We wanted to do something about it so we looked around for ideas.

One day Mr. Ferguson brought in a Yonana’s machine. A Yonana machine is a way to turn frozen bananas into a frozen, ice cream like substance. The class decided this was what we would do to help the Soup Kitchen. We started right away selling this non-dairy ice cream for the whole school. The class sold the ice cream product for about 5 weeks on every Wednesday for $1 each. Soon we added chocolate and caramel sauce. The kids loved it!

At the end of five weeks we made $235 after expenses. With the written cheque of $235 we walked to Saint Vincent’s soup kitchen in Downtown Oshawa and presented it to them. We discovered that our donation would pay for a meal for about 150 people. The soup kitchen does not turn anyone away. They feed anyone who shows up.

We had a brief tour of the Soup Kitchen and had a chance to have our questions answered. It made us all feel good to know we are making a difference. We are now thinking about what we might do next year….

June 5

Why are tics a part of Tourette’s? What is Tourette’s?

Abi, Caoimhe, Mia, Jaycee

There are over 1000 different tics. Tic’s happen when you are under stress and anxious. It is a neurological disorder.  Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette discovered Tourette’s in an 86 year old man. Symptoms are noticed between the ages of 7-10. Tics come and go. More males are affected by Tourette’s than females. The first tics come in the head and neck area. If you have problems in pregnancy or child birth it is more probable that your child will have TS. TS stand for Tourette’s syndrome. There is nothing wrong with having Tourette’s. Many kids with Tourette’s are being bullied because they are different.  It occurs when the nerves in your brain have trouble communicating. Tourette’s is not contagious. People can have tics but not have Tourette’s but you can’t have Tourette’s without having tics. It is a genetic disorder. It affects all races, all backgrounds, and more guys than girls. There is no cure for Tourette’s yet.

Why are feet so smelly????

Alisha, Jaylah, Caden, Kaydn

Feet are smelly because they are the part of your body that are used at almost all times so they get sweaty. They also have the most sweat pores… about a pint of sweat is produced in a day. A pint is a unit of liquid or dry capacity equal to one half of a quarter. The sweat itself is not smelly, it’s the bacteria on your feet mixed in with the sweat to create the stink… the bacteria eats a layer of your skin each day. You don’t need to worry… you have many layers of skin.  Sweat and bacteria often mingle in socks and shoes... this is why your shoes smell.  Your feet smell even worse when you have athletes foot. If you have anything between your feet they will smell worse.

 

What Makes A Book A Classic?

Dora, Cameron C., Andrew, Zack

A classic book is accepted as being exemplary and noteworthy. Exemplary means it represents the best of its kind.  An example of a classic book is Moby Dick. Some classic authors are Mark Twain and Charles Dickens. Some people say who classic authors are from their opinion. Lots of people read classic books over and over. For a book to become a classic book, the book has to be famous for many years. Classic books are studied at schools and universities. It makes you think the book is in real life. It makes you want to read the book on. Once you read it for the first time, it makes you feel like you’ve read the book many times.

Why Do We Get Sunburned?

Aidan, Denyce, Olivia, Rheya

When you get a sunburn you’re basically killing skin cells. There are different types of UV’s. UVA is one UVB is two and UVC is three. UVB rays are what causes the pain. UVB only damages the top of your skin. They are an ultraviolet burn. An ultraviolet burn is a normal sunburn. VC rays are the most dangerous sunburn. UV can cause tumors. Melanin is a dark brown/black pigment exposed to sun. Pigment is the redness of the burn. Some sun burns can be life threatening. You can get skin cancer. If you get direct sunlight for too long it can cause DNA damage. Sometimes you can get dizzy. If you are 60 and over you should not be in the sun for more than 10 minute’s,  maximum to save the risk of death. It could cause blisters, skin peeling, redness and reactions. There is no such thing as a healthy tan. You can almost burn anywhere. Don’t go in the sun for about (2 days ) maximum, 1 day minimum after a burn.

Where does the universe end? 

By Keeshan, Hunty, and Cameron b

Out of the entire universe it has no center. The universe does not end, it goes on and on and it has tonnes of galaxies. At the end of space there is just the universe. Something called the big bang happened in space. A long time ago the big bang changed space over a Million times in I little second.

Dark matter

Stewart, Katelynne, Cody, Adrian

80% of mass is dark matter.  It doesn’t emit light or energy.  Dark matter holds the elements in space.  Space only had dark matter.  Dark matter creates black holes.  Dark matter created stars.  It was made before the big bang theory.  Dark matter is the energy in space.  Dark matter was a life saver.  People think it is a failed dwarf galaxy.  Once it mixed with the Milky Way.  It cannot be seen with a telescope.  Jan Oort discovered dark matter.  Dark matter is basically little Atoms.  Dark matter is a type of matter.  Matter is a physical substance.  Dark matter and Atoms make a star.  Dark matter cannot be seen directly.

June 3

What is Chaos Theory?

By Kaydn, Keeshan, Adrian and Cody

What is the chaos theory you ask. Let’s start at the beginning. It all started when a man named Edward Lorenz created a weather model on his computer. People started to look in to his theory later on 1960. The seven parts of which they study are mathematics, meteorology, sociology, physics, engineering, economics, biology and philosophy. Chaotic behaviors can be observed in natural systems such as the migratory patterns of a bird’s flight or the way a hurricanes forms. It is behaviours that appear to be unpredictable are predictable.

Who Is The Elephant Man?

Caden, Zach, Caoimhe and Hunter

His full name is Joseph Carey Merrick. He was born on August 5^th, 1882, in Leicester, United Kingdom. He died on April 11^th, 1890, White Chapel, United Kingdom. It is believed that he had a couple of degenerative diseases. He developed large lips, big forehead and lumps on his face and back.  People thought it was from an accident his mom had before he was born. She was trampled by an elephant. That’s why people believe that is how he looked the way he looks. But he got it from a disease. He went to a school and he still had a close relationship with his mother, but she died when he was 11. His mother died from bronchial pneumonia. He said: I am not an elephant! , I am not an animal!  I am a human being! I am a man! People make fun of him for what he looks like, not based on who he really is. He wore a bag over his head. He did that because he did not want to be made fun of.

The next year his father remarried. He left his home when he left school. He made a poem about his self that goes like this:

Tis True my form is odd,

but blaming is blaming god,

can I create myself anew,

I would not fail I pleasing you.

And

If I could reach from pole to pole,

or grasp the ocean with a span,

I would be measured by the soul

How Do Movies Develop?

 By Jaylah, Olivia, Rheya, Jaycee

The first movie camera was made in England.  A man named Louis Prince in 1888 made it.  The first one to come out for sale was in 1867. Filming movies began right away but grew in the 1890’s. The earliest movies were made by strips of pictures captured on camera.  Movies can take up to a year or more to make! That’s a long time! William Kennedy Laurie Dickson took credit for making the first movie. The First motion picture camera made was made by Thomas Alva Edison and he named it the Kinetograph in 1889. In France, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invented cinematograph to project a movie on screen. 1905 was when the first movie theatre was made in Pittsburghrg. Today while making movies, they edit on computers and make the characters more realistic and 3D. Cinematograph made motion pictures (movies) more popular.  These are things people do and use to make a successful movie:

-         Actors

-         Storylines

-         Camera

-         Screenplay

-         Editing

-         Expand your story as you go along

-         Have a place that suits the movie to film

The very first Disney full length movie was snow white and the seven dwarfs. It first came out in a theatre… that is when it became popular and now it is a classic.

How Did Harry Potter Start

By: Andrew, Alisha, Abi and Mia

Joanne Rowling’s first book was Rabbit when Joanne was 6 or 7.  When Joanne was little she liked fantasy creatures.  When Joanne was older she wanted to write books about the fantasy creatures so she wrote Harry Potter.  Joanne’s goal was to become an award selling author.  Joanne was taking a long train ride to London, England from Manchester on July 1^st and the Harry Potter popped into her head.  Joanne’s mother died when she was only 1 and Joanne wanted to relate her to Harry Potter so she wrote that Harry’s parents died when he was young.  Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone was published on 1997 June 26^th. Joanne got her first award on January 1^st 1997.  Harry potter and the deathly hollows is the fastest selling book of all time.  Joanne has got 7 awards for her books.  Joanne has published and made over 50 books and 7 of them are from harry potter.  Write now she is 48 years old.     

What is L’Anse Aux Meadows?

By: Aiden, Denyce and Cameron C

L’Anse aux Meadows is a Viking settlement from the 10^th century AD.  You are able to find in Newfoundland, Canada. It is right on the very top of Newfoundland, so it is very close to the Atlantic Ocean. It was designated a historic site on November 28^th 1968. It was discovered in 1960 by Helge Ingstad. It is the remains of 8 different Viking Buildings. It is where Vikings lived. It represents a failed colony of Norse Adventures. Norse is a medieval language used by Vikings. L’Anse Aux Meadows is the only known place established by Vikings in North America. It has been protected by Parks Canada since 1977. It was first recorded as L’Anse a la Medee (The Medee’s Cove). L’Anse Aux Meadows is a National Historic Site of Canada. L’Anse Aux Meadows is a corruption of the French designation L’Anse Aux Meduses. How the village became L’Anse Aux Meadows is not clear. There is also a cove facing the village, which is named Medee’s Bay. You’re able to camp there. It also can get very chilly at night.

How do whales talk to each other?

Katelynne, Cameron B., Rheya

They introduce there self by making. loud noises or breathing. They have  very loud screams under water. Some ways they talk is with Whale songs or echolocation. Whales are  very Intelligent mammals.

Blue whale is biggest .whale of them all Grows to 94 feet Or 29 meters. Dwarf sperm whale Is the Smallest. It grows to about 2.6 meters or 8.5 feet long

SOLE Question to Social Conscience In One Easy Step

Earlier this year one of the students in my Grade 5 class raised a question about homelessness which became a SOLE question for us. After their presentation we had a great discussion about all the different aspects of homelessness. It was important to my students because during a cold streak where the daily temperature rarely rose above – 20 celsius, they were wonder how the people who lived on the streets were doing. There was further discussion but the implications of our discussion, was impressed on their minds. In late March a student asked if we could raise money for the Soup Kitchen in Oshawa. We discussed it at great length. It was decided that we would sell Yonana ice cream in our school on Wednesdays for $1 per cup. The students made posters and developed PSA’s to advertise our product. And so the sales went. We eventually made $220 to give to the Soup Kitchen.

On Wednesday June 4 we will be travelling to the Soup Kitchen to present a cheque to them and to tour their facilities. During a discussion this week the students raised the following questions to ask at St. Vincent’s Soup Kitchen:

What is the Money we are donating going to? Is it just food?

Is there a limit to the number of people that the Soup Kitchen can service in one day?

Why was the Soup Kitchen started?

Is it staffed by volunteers only?

Is it related to other Soup Kitchens?

Is it just for eating? Are there other services there? Does it cost money to eat there?

What kids of foods do you serve?

Why is it called a Soup Kitchen?

Do you serve 3 meals a day or are you open 24/7?

Are there other Soup Kitchens in Oshawa?

What is the procedure for people to get food?

How old do you have to be in order to volunteer?

How are you supported? Is there a computer that helps run the kitchen? How are you set up as a business?

Do you get a lot of donations?

Their excitement mounts as they anticipate what they will see there.

This social awareness they have raised demonstrates how easy it is to research and then follow up by doing something. Some are already talking about  what they can do next year to help people who need it. In the meantime I have to give more thought towards something larger and more detailed that will last a whole year.

May 27 SOLE

What’s the difference between a tortoise and a turtle?

by Dora, Alisha, Abi and Jaycee

Tortoises and turtles are both reptiles. A tortoise is reptile from Chelonian family and lives well on land and a turtle is reptile from Chelonian family and live well in water. Tortoises are found mostly in Asia and Africa but some exist in North America, Turtles found mostly Africa and America. Tortoises have large dome shaped shell with bumps on top in some species. Turtles have mostly flat shells but Tortoises shells are heavier. Turtles are light weighted. Tortoise’s feet are short and sturdy with bent legs and Turtles have webbed feet with long claws. Tortoises are mostly herbivores but some prefer live food. Turtles eat fruits, veggies, leafy vegetation and meat. They are omnivores. Tortoises hatchlings move from their nest to the mothers burrow soon after birth. Turtle hatchings stay in their nest on their own for 90-120 days. Their kingdoms are both Animalia.  A normal lifespan for Tortoises is 80-150 years. Longest living is 326 years. A turtle lifespan is 20-40 year oldest is 86 years. Turtle’s front feet have webbed toes. Turtles have a flatter back. Turtles live most of their lives in or near water.  Turtle’s  make or lays eggs in sand.  Some turtles sun themselves on logs, rocks or sandy banks. During cold weather they often go into the mud and go into a state called torpor. Torpor is like hibernation. Tortoises only go under water to bathe themselves or to drink. If they go in deep water they can drown. Tortoise’s feet are hard, scaly and nubby so it crawls against sharp rocks and sand.  Often use their paws to dig burrows.  Tortoise’s shells form, like a dome, and allows protection. They eat grass, flowers, weeds, shrubs, cacti, and plants with lots of moisture. Sometimes they eat fruit and leafy green or insects, worms.  Tortoises are a type of turtle but not all turtles are tortoises, they occupy their own taxonomic family called testudinidae, they are also slow that they can’t migrate to warm habitats as sea turtles. When they live in cold winter they dig a burrow which escapes the cold, they live on land because they do not have flippers to swim. They also live in arid areas turtles only come on land to plant eggs. Turtles live in fresh water like the ocean brackish ponds and marchlands, turtles can lay eggs on shore or in the water.  Some people have tortoises as pets, turtles have 2 shells, the upper shell is called carapace, and the lower shell is called plastron. Some turtles may have their head in the shell for the whole day, when they are scared they hide in their shell, turtles have existed for 215 million years. They are cold blooded, they largest turtle is the leather back sea turtle. The biggest they weigh 2000 pounds. Most turtles lay their eggs in the sand and leave them to hatch on their own. Sea turtles have special glands which remove the salt form the water they drink. Most turtle species are endangered. A tortoise is much bigger than a turtle. Turtle live in every continent except for Antarctica. A group of turtle’s is called a Bale. Turtle and Tortoise shells protect them. Turtles eat grasses, flowers, weeds, shrubs, cacti, and plants with lots of moisture. Tortoises eat insects, worms, and sometimes they eat fruit and leafy greens.

Turtles have 2 shells. The upper shell is called the carapace and the lower shell is called the plastron. The shell allows for their protection.  A turtles shell is referred to as a dust jacket. Many turtle species have their heads in their shell. When they are scared they will hide in their shell. Turtles have existed for 215 million years. They are cold blooded which means they depend on air and water temperature to warm and cool them. The largest turtle is the lever back sea turtle. It can weigh 2000 pounds. Some turtles lay their eggs in sand and leave them to hatch on their own. Sea turtles have special glans, which help remove salt from the water they drink. Many turtle species are in danger.  A group of turtles is called a bale. Turtles are the symbols of patience and wisdom. Turtles are the most ancient of all the reptiles. They first appeared on earth 200 million years ago and haven’t changed much since that time. Turtles can live without food for more than a year.  Some aquatic turtles can absorb oxygen from the skin on their neck allowing them to be under water for extended periods of time. The green sea turtle can stay underwater for over 5 hours without going up for air. Baby turtles are called sparkiesin .

   

Why are people so cruel?

By Caoimhe, Olivia, Jaylah, and Rheya

Not everyone is cruel. Some got treated badly as youth and take it out on another person. Going through life changes are cruel because the person gets upset about something. There are also people with sicknesses that can be mental issues, any disease, Schadenfreud and Mental cruelty. Depression causes cruelty too. Disease is a sickness that causes a dis ease. When something bad happens to someone they feel good. Cruel Men sometimes kill their wives or neighbours. Even loving fathers can kill other people’s children. When people are cruel it is usually in certain problems. Men can kill wives because they don’t want to pay divorce fees. The more we hate someone the more we love them to suffer. People who are cruel look at people’s accomplishments and think bad about them. A girl said that there would not be so much suffering if we would just befriending people. If people would not tear other people down then the world would be a better place. Science has been researching this question and the answer is envy. Most people are cruel because their angry at things.

Why do frogs have 4 eyelids?

By: Caden, Keeshan, Hunty! And Denyce

Frogs have 4 eyelids to see under water. A clever second pair of eyelids is under the first and they are clear. They also use it to protect them self. Some have 4 eyelids and some have 3. Some frogs don’t have 4 eyelids. Their eyelids are like goggles. It depends on the type of frog. Bullfrogs have 4 eyelids. Dotted back toads have 4 eyelids. Frogs can see through their eyelids. Frogs have webbed feet. Frogs can jump really high cause of their huge legs. They lay their eggs in water. Their eggs are like a circle. Their lungs are the size of 2 of their brains. They eat flies. Their skin is naturally cooled. They don’t have ears. They are sensitive. Bull frogs live in swamps. Bull frogs have a circle on their neck that’s how you tell if it’s a bull frog or not. When frogs walk it looks like their climbing up a wall.

How people develop disorders?

by Andrew, Zach, Kaydn, and Cameron

Some of the disorders are:

·         Autism

·         Behavior disorders

·         Clotting disorder

·         Delusional disorder

·         Eating disorder

·         Fluency disorder

·         Hearing disorder

·         Immune disorder

·         Learning disorder

·         Mood disorder

·         Nervi’s system disorder

·         Ocd obsessive compulsive disorder

·         Personality disorder

·         Repetitive motion disorder

·         Sexual dysfunction

·         Vein disorder

·         x chromosome disorder

·         y chromosome disorder

·         and many more

Autism is a disorder that has a complex development and you get it around 3 years old. It affects your brain functions, and effects development of communication and learning skills. People with the disorder have issues with the nonverbal communication.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is also known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). The disorder causes the person to have 2 or more different personalities within them. Each and every personality has its own name and age. The disorder is one of the rarest disorders you could get. You could get DID if you had an abusive childhood. You get the disorder when you’re older. When a personality is taking control, the main person basically would see inside the head with all the other personalities. A personality could be angry and the other could be peaceful and happy. From time to time, you could get a personality that’s hates you and wants to physically harm you.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder that the person just wants everything to be in the right place so basically the person wants everything perfect.  

What Is Acid Rain?

Aidan, Cameron and Adrian

Acid rain is a term referring to a mixture that is wet and falls from the clouds. It contains more than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. It is a result of air pollution. The acid can take the form of snow, mist and dry dust. The rain sometimes falls many miles from the source of pollution. Wherever it falls it can have major effect on soil, trees, buildings and water. The acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It can also fall from the sky in the absence of precipitation.

ASL

American Sign Language

Mia, Cody, Katelynne, Stewart

About 1 million people in the United States communicate VIA American Sign Language.  Out of 28 million Americans, 1000 are born without hearing.  American Sign Language is a visual language.  Each country has its own version of sign language depending on what they speak.  Deaf people have different degrees of hearing loss.  All the hands and fingers are important to give information.  Sign language has been around for as long the reason for its existence.  American Sign Language is a language with its own unique grammar and syntax.  Today ASL is the fourth most spoken language in the US.  ASL is starting to be referred as a foreign language. 

May 22

Is time travel possible?

By Abi, Alisha, Mia and Andrew

No one has built a time machine yet that works. Mostly time travel is in movies or books. Time travel is being studied by science fiction writers, philosophers and physicists. There is two types of time travel one is to the past and one is two the future.  You can’t really time travel back to the past or to the future but you can time travel in your mind so like a memory. A human may survive 80 years. The stones at Stonehenge where there for thousands of years and the solar system will last for a billion years. Everything lasts for a certain amount of time. Traveling in time means traveling through this 4th dimension.  A worm whole is a theoretical tunnel or short cut it links to places together. Wormholes are all around us but they are too small to see. Wormholes are tiny crevices. They are found in wrinkles and voids in a place called the quantum foam. They are tiny tunnels or short cuts through space and time that constantly form and disappear and reform within this quantum’s world. They actually link two separate places and two different times. Photons can travel through worm holes. A photon is an elementary particle. The tunnels are unfortunately too small for people to go through. 

Why do cats sleep so much?

By; Jaycee, Aiden, Olivia, Rheya

If you have a cat you would know, that Cats are most active at night, and when they sleep, they either go into a light slumber or a deep sleep. The average cat sleeps almost twice as much as a human; their average sleep is about 13-16 hours a day. When a cat is sleeping, you will usually see cats twitch their paws and whiskers and move as if they are having nightmare. Cats wake up around 5 in the morning because the sun bothers them. If you don’t want to get woken up by your pet early in the morning, try to cover your window, and block the sun from getting in. Since house cats have the same instincts as wild cats, they naturally have no main predator. This gives them the opportunity to sleep to save their energy for hunt during the night. Cats may also wake up to check if everything in their territory is alright. They also sleep in a position so they can get up in a moment’s notice.

Why do we get cramps when we go swimming and eat?

By Katelynne and Jaylah

Swimming, while having a full stomach, is a safety issue. When you are swimming, all of the blood flows to your muscles, and then the blood you need to digest is elsewhere. The rule of waiting is a myth, but you still need to digest first. When you swim, the food bounces around and also causes cramps. Instead of the blood flow going to the stomach it’s going to the muscles so you can swim. What if an organ needs blood it flows to your muscles instead. Cramps are pains in your stomach. When you are distracted by pain it’s harder to swim.

Why are dogs so protective?

By: Dora, Cameron C, Hunter

Dogs are known to be a Man’s best friend. Dogs consider you family if you consider them family. If dogs come from an abusive background they are known to be very protective. If you treat a dog well they’ll treat you as well as you treat them. A dog has to grow up with you to be used to being around you. Owners tell them it’s good when they are being protective around their owner(s). Don’t like people who are threats to them or the Owner(s). The protectiveness comes from the dogs wolf ancestors, A well treated dog will eventually come to the aid of its Owner(s). Dogs will think that you are in need of protection if the owner makes it too aggressive or protective. It is possible for the Owner(s) to encourage behaviour well protective behaviour. Dogs are extremely clever/smart and aware if the Owner(s) takes a certain amount of care of them. Dogs are very protective of their Owner(s) because of their loyalty.

Why is chocolate poison to dogs?

Stewart, Adrian, Keeshan and Cody

Chocolate is basically poison to animals especially dog’s. Milk and white chocolate are less risky than dark chocolate.  Chocolate contains Theobromine.  Theobromine is from the cocoa plant with chemical formula. It takes about five days to your dog to get sick or die from eating too much chocolate.

Symptoms

-         vomiting

-         diarrhea

-         increase urination

-         dehydration

-         internal bleeding

-         heart attack

-         seizures

-         coma

            death

History of Lacrosse

History of Lacrosse

By Zach

Native Americans were the ones who made lacrosse. Native Americans called lacrosse stickball.The game was usually played in the St. Lawrence Valley area by the Algonqian tribe. They were followed by other tribes in the eastern half of North America and around the western Great Lakes. Lacrosse is French for Crosse. Crosse means game with a bat or stick

Traditionally playing lacrosse had many different purposes before Europeans came to North America. Native Americans used lacrosse to solve any problems with any local tribes. It was also method to train young warriors for combat and a big part in their religious life. They played lacrosse to please the gods and to honor themselves. It was referred as the Creator’s game.

When tribes played lacrosse there were 100 to 1000 people on one field at a time. The field was 500 yards long to miles long. It was often played with boundaries, with the goal of shooting the ball at a land mark like a tree or a rock in order to score. Games often lasted for days from sun to moon. It was very violent. The players would try to kill their enemies or injure them in order to get a clear shoot. The game also got a nickname “the little brother of war” because how violent it was.

The sticks were very deadly because they were made from solid wood. Solid is bad because if you slash someone with a stick it would not bend so it could break your bones easily. The only way it would not hurt as much was if the stick broke. The netting was very heavy. It was made out of something called cat cut. Cat cut is leather strung in a way that made it cut your skin. Sometimes they tied rocks to the cat cut so when they slashed their opponents the rocks would hit them and cause greater injury. Players barely had any protection so if they got hit hard they could get badly injured or even killed. The ball was made of either wood, clay, heads of their enemy, or deer skin and stone.